Paper published in Journal of Public Health in Africa,  Vol 2, No 1 (2011); 2:e4. doi:10.4081/jphia.2011.e4

The article was authored by Dr. Robert S. Van Howe, a pediatrician who has studied the harmful effects of infant circumcision. In this paper, Dr. Van Howe examines the oft-cited randomized clinical trials (RCTs) performed in Africa.

Based on the evidence collected in the RCTs and presented in the numerous studies based on the RCTs, Dr. Van Howe determined that the published results are overstated and unsupported by the evidence. He concludes that the "circumcision solution is a wasteful distraction that takes resources away from more effective, less expensive, less invasive alternatives. By diverting attention away from more effective interventions, circumcision programs will likely increase the number of HIV infections."

Most men opt to restore their foreskin by non-surgical foreskin restoration methods. The linked page describes surgical foreskin restoration. The surgical technique bisects the shaft skin near the base of the penis. The exposed part of the penile shaft is enclosed in the scrotum through two slits cut in the scrotal sack. After about 3 months, a portion of the scrotal skin is cut away from the scrotum and sewed around the shaft of the penis. According to the website in early 2011, the cost of surgical foreskin restoration costs at least $7,600.

An excerpt from the documentary, Birth As We Know It. The narrator describes the three functions of the foreskin: 1) to protect the internal mucosal tissue of the inner foreskin and the glans, 2) to provide sensory pleasure because the foreskin is erogenous tissue, and 3) to provide the gliding action during sex, which aids both the man and woman during intercourse. The video clip also shows a circumcision being performed on an infant boy.

Marilyn Milos, R.N., executive director and founder of NOCIRC, discusses normal sexual function of the penis and foreskin and its loss due to circumcision. Marilyn Milos discusses the natural foreskin and how it works with the rest of the penis to make for an exquisite sexual experience.

Her explanation of the natural foreskin is a very illuminating for men who were circumcised at birth and have never learned about normal male anatomy. Marilyn Milos knows more about the penis than most men.

YouTube Video: The Penis - Sex Education 101

Laci Green makes some great YouTube videos. This one is sub-titled Circumcision 101. Laci Green is a woman who recognizes the value of an intact penis.

Laci Green discusses Hygiene, STDs, Religion, Pleasure, Ethics, and Culture with respect to male circumcision. She recognizes that circumcision is a sex-negative practice.

A YouTube video describing how to perform a self-check for testicular cancer. Each man needs to check his testicles periodically to feel if there is a change in the shape and contour of each testicle. It is not uncommon for one ball to be larger than the other. But, a firm lump (mass) in one of the testicles is not normal. If a man feels a lump that was not there before or a lump has gotten larger, then a doctor visit is a must.

Cat Saunders writes about how male infant circumcision violates the human rights of baby boys.She believes that the continued circumcision of baby boys in the US is a violation of their human rights.

We Americans recoil in horror at reports of female circumcision in other countries, yet we refuse to see that brutal acts of genital mutilation are committed every day on baby boys in the United States.

—Cat Saunders

Dr. Cat interviews a group of nurses from St. Vincent's Hospital in Santa Fe, New Mexico. These nurses felt ethically obligated to become conscientious objectors to circumcision. They took a stand and refuse to participate in infant circumcision at the hospital.

A study of Pastibell caused penile injuries published in Journal of Pediatric Urology, Volume 6, Issue 1, Pages 23-27 (February 2010). Male infant circumcision has risks and complications. The Plastibell in particular is subject to complications because the plastic bell is left on the penis for an extended period with no doctor supervision or monitoring. Complications include extensive skin loss, urethrocutaneous fistulae, and partial necrosis of the glans penis.

A paper published in The Medical Journal of Australia, MJA 2003 178 (4): 155-158. The authors conclude that the rate of circumcision to treat phimosis in boys aged less than 15 years is seven times the expected incidence rate for phimosis. Many boys are circumcised before reaching five years of age, despite phimosis being rare in this age group. Phimosis appears to be a false diagnoses to justify circumcision when the surgery is not truly medically necessary.

American Urological Association (AUA) symptom index is a self-help questionaire that helps men gauge the severity of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). The test asks 7 questions related to common symptoms of BPH.

The frequency of each symptom is then rated on a scale of 1 to 5. These numbers added together provide a score that is used to evaluate the severity of a man's enlarged prostate. An AUA score of 0 to 7 indicates a mild condition; 8 to 19 indicates a moderate condition; and 20 to 35 indicates a severe urinary problem.